Ottoman+Empire

=The Ottoman Empire =

​ By Marcus Kunzmann and Pat Yang Over 700 years ago, Osman I united several wandering Turkish tribes into what history recalls as the last standing empire of all time, the Ottoman Empire. The empire had many historical figures and a power-hungry political system as well as a strong military that kept them alive until WWI. The empire shaped our modern world by implanting their amazing culture with contributions in the fields of religion, art, architecture, and literary sciences.

Suleiman the Magnificent
In the 750 years of the Ottoman Empire's existance, there have been numerous sultans, generals and conquerors. None of these historical figures amount up to the Suleiman the Magnificent. Suleiman the first was the tenth and most important Sultan in the history of the Ottoman Empire, largely because of his numerous campaigns to take over a large portion of the known world as well as his regularly used power of making laws. He made himself the "Sultans of Sultans," the "Kings of kings," and "God’s shadow on earth." (Ruggiero, 26) Suleiman ruled during the peak of the vast Ottoman Empire, which during 1520-1566 held an area that reached from the Nile River to Sudan, the Black Sea to where Vienna now stands, and the Caspian sea to the Gulf of Aden, with only a small portion of where Saudi Arabia now lies unclaimed. (Spencer, 78) Suleiman launched numerous campaigns for land, finally stopping when he died, which was when he was 70+ years old. (Gale Online)

The Shadow of God wasn’t known only for his covering of Europe, Asia, and Africa. He was known as Kanuni, a lawgiver that proposed numerous laws that raised the privileges of citizens as well as slaves. His rules improved education in the empire, as well as the number of schools. He combined religious laws as well as modern laws. He encouraged the arts, with his goal to ultimately beautify Istanbul. (Ruggiero, 27)

Suleiman also had one of the largest and most famous buildings in the world designed after and for him; the Mosque of Suleiman. The Mosque of Suleiman, specially designed by Sinan, a renowned architect who designed many public works, took 7 years to build and was designed after multiple different buildings. (Ruggiero, 29)

Mehmet Fetih
In 1453, Mehmet II the conqueror started his 44 day siege of the Byzantine capital- Constantinople. Mehmet Fetih, Fetih meaning conqueror, was the 7th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He had an army of 160,000 people and the intention of taking over the fortress-like city. He hired engineers to make wall-smashing catapults, which his strategy relied on. (Ruggiero, 13-16)

Mehmet II was sultin in 1444, but he was dethrowned in 1446. In 1451 he once again gained power, and ruled all of the way until 1481 as a very successful ruler. He extended the Empire to many new lands, including more in Asia Minor, the Balkans, and the Crimea. He also improved the political system, and rebuilt Constantinople, which the Ottomans renamed as Istanbul. Mehmet Fetih expanded the Janissaries, which were the sultan's personal guard as well as the strongest unit. (Turkish News)

Mehmet Fetih didn't only capture Constantinople. His expansions included Serbia in 1459, Morea in 1460, and Albania and Venice, which were defeated in 1463 and 1479 respectively. He expanded the empire to the Danube river and Aegean sea. He conquered Anatolia and areas as far as the Tigris River, but his progress was stopped by the Mamelukes of Syria and the White Sheep Turkmen from Iran. (Turkish News)

With modern technology rising, one sultan would eventually be responsible for incorporating technology and machines into the empire. This sultan was the Tulip King, but more commonly known by his real name, Ahmet the III. Ahmet III ruled for 27 years, starting in 1703. His fall came when he Janissaries, the sultan’s personal guard, ironically forced him off the throne because of his lack of military exercise. He was thrown into a prison, and his palace was burned. He died in 1736. (Ruggiero, 20) This popular leader incorporated books, printing presses, and tulips into the Ottoman Empire. (Ruggiero, 20) Ahmet III was known as the tulip king surprisingly for his love of tulips, and his desire to plant them all over the capital city Istanbul. He spent thousands of dollars worth in tulips. He created ceremonies to honor the tulip as well. (20)



Mapmaker
In the Ottoman Empire, not all of the famous people were Sultans. Piri Reis was a famous mapmaker. Piri Reis wasn’t the most famous figure, but somehow this 16th century mapmaker drew a map of the world. In his map that was drawn in 1513, he included the correct longitudes for Antarctica, 300 years before it was discovered. He was considered one of the most famous mapmakers of all time. (Davenport, 99)

The Piri Reis map was the oldest map that included the Americas. (South America is visible in the lower left corner.) The map was the most accurate map in the 16th century. Theories on how the map was created included precise triginomical measurements, or an ancient civilization existed tens of thousands or years ago. (Exploring Mercator’s world)

Piri Reis was born in an area of the Ottoman Empire known as Muhiddin Piri, sometime around 1465. Muhiddin Piri was a seaport city. He joined the navy and acted as a privateer, and then he was promoted to an admiral, or Reis. After his uncle died, he traveled to Gallipoli, and created two world maps. He presented them to the Sultan of the time, Selim the Conqueror. He continued gathering information up to 1521, when he created a book called Katib-I Bahriye, or Book of the Sea. He presented this book to Suleiman the Magnificent. Piri Reis created another map in 1528 that was based around the 1513 map. (Exploring Mercator's Word)

Piri Reis was beheaded in 1554. Convicted of running away from battle, this mapmaker lived almost 90 years. His 1513 map was discovered in 1929. The famous map was only a small portion of a big map though. The other parts of the map were destroyed, or torn off. The map would’ve shown Iceland, Great Britain, and Greenland as well. (Exploring Mercator's World)

Military
The Ottoman Empire had a powerful military that lasted up all the way until World War I. They used their advanced weapons in artillery, and armies that were so large that wise enemies would flee from battle. These decisive strategies all worked up until 1923 when their decline was inevitable.

Decline
The Ottoman empire had a long history that lasted up until the First World War, when they were defeated. The decline started many years ago when Suleiman the Magnificent died. Most of his descendants were not good leaders and spent all of the empire's wealth. (Ruggiero 16) Also the Grand Vizier sometimes became power hungry and held mor power than the sultan. (18)

By the 1600’s other European forces had matched their superb military force. Some contries that had the same amount of power began invading and cutting down on the Ottomans land. Since the Ottomans were nearly self-sufficient, they did not contact the outside world a lot, and had a hard time catching up to other European civilizations with how advanced their technology was. (19)

To add to all of these misfortunes, the Ottomans also had to deal with Russia who had declared war on them during the 1800’s. Russians declared war on the Ottomans to stop their monarchy and stop the beliefs in Islam. (21) During the late 1800’s the Ottomans were called the “Sick Man of Europe” because of their terrible economy, and their military that was struggling to keep Russia at bay.

After the Russians defeated the Ottomans at the shore of the Black Sea they lost all of their trade routes and most of their income. By the beginning of the First World War the Ottomans had joined the Central Powers. (22) The British forces had invaded Eastern Ottoman Empire and Russian forces invaded the Northern Ottoman Empire. People fled in order to survive. A few citizens did not flee, allowing Russia to claim 2 million more lives. By 1918 the Ottomans had lost over 325,000 soldiers and had no people to add to their army. The sultans were begging for peace and acceptance. Their opportunity came 1920 as the Treaty of Severs. (24) The treaty gave Greece all of their territory back and it gave the Arabians Anatolia, an area of where Turkey now lies. In 1922 a man named Mustafa Kemd led an uprising against the sultans, finally ending the Ottoman Empire's monarchy and beginning a democratic Turkey.

Significant Battles
Throughout all of centuries the empire ruled, it was involved in countless numbers of battles. All of these battles were based around gaining land for the empire, like any other empire. The Ottoman Empire had a remarkable army, which greatly increased the chances of winning a war. (Davenport, 94)

In 1453 the Ottoman Empire embarked on one of its boldest and most deciding battles, the battle of Constantinople. For the next four months Mehmet II sent 80,000 soldiers to lay siege on this city. They used advanced weapons of cannons to blow through the massive walls that surrounded the city. Since the walls did not collapse, they dug under them and planted gun powder to destroy the walls from below. Once this method worked and they got inside they demolished the Byzantines. In May 4, 1493 Constantinople fell into Ottoman hands, securing the worlds most powerful trade center. After this defeat the Ottomans ransacked the city and brought the king's head to their sultan. They changed the name from Constantinople to Istanbul. (95)

During the time the Ottomans were battling the Byzantine Empire, a new Muslim/Iranian tribe was forming in the south. Although they never did a lot of damage, they kept the Ottomans preoccupied for the next several hundred years. During the 16th-19th centuries the Ottomans defeated the Greeks, Serbia, as well as Hungary and Austria. (96) They also led a series of conquests such as the 1345 defeat of Serbian troops, and the 1444 defeat of the German, Hungarian, and French forces. The victors of all of these conquests was the Ottomans, and in some of the conquests whole civilizations were destroyed. (Stevens) Also they conquered Egypt, Mesopotamia, and North Africa which made them the largest empire of the ancient and modern world. They used all these new countries to add onto their growing economy. For exampe they got all of their crops from Egypt and most of their clothing from Serbia. (Stevens)

Armies
The Ottomans used their massive armies to intimidate the enemy as well as scaring them into surrendering. Every time the Ottomans would conquer a country they would take a large number of strong and fit boys and make them into a Janissary. (The Islamic World to 1600) The Janissaries were an elite group of soldeirs that were extremly loyal to the sultan. Near the creation of the Janissaries, Janissaries were prisoners of war. Later through the empire, the Janissaries came to consist of strong non-Muslim boys. Janissaries started as poor boys that were drafted into the army. These boys were usually from newly conquered territories, or previously conquered terretories. They were never Muslim. The soon-to-be Janissaries were convereted to Islamism, and then they became the Sultan's property. Janissaries were well paid, fed, and they lived in Topkapi Palace, the sultan's palace. (Spencer, 80) Janissaries almost never left the service, and during 14th-16th centries the Janissers were known as the the worlds most feared and powerful group of soldiers. The Janissaries used several different types of weapons. In the beggining of the empire the Janissaries were very skilled archers. Later they began to become more modern and used musketts as well as abus guns. As well as being a soldier they were also the sultans personal gaurd. Unlike most civilizations, Janissaries that retired had a chance to become a higher rank. Many of them became leaders of the army or navy, but a handful of them even became the Grand Vizier, which was the sultan's advisor. (The Islamic World to 1600)

Political/Ruling System
The Ottoman Empire was based around the royal family, which included the Sultan and his wives, which could be up to four. The ruling system was an hierarchy, meaning that the next Sultan was the oldest son of the existing Sultan. (Spencer 74)

**Sultan **
<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">The sultan was the chief ruler of the Ottomans, and all of the sultans were descendants from the first sultan in history, Orhan. The term "sultan" was used to show authority originally. Later throughout the empire sultans were given military and political power, but even later a sultan was degraded to just a powerful ruler. (Spencer 75) Sultans have also become known as Defender of the Faith, Lord of the Age, Sovereign of the Two Seas, Guardian of the Holy Places, and Shadow of God. (78+79) The name Shadow of God claimed that the sultan was like a god on Earth, and that he held the highest position of the world. This name was lived up to by the sultan holding a parasol above his head to block the sun, creating a shadow hence Shadow of God. (Spencer 80)

The sultans also controlled the empire's army and navy. (Ruggeiro 48) The sultan had the job of enforcing the religion of Islam on the people. The sultan was the grand ruler and controlled everyone's lives except his own, which rested in the hands of one of his advisors. This advisor was known as a Sharia, and they were one of the most feared political leaders. (Davis 11) The Sharia was also used to make sure that the sultan would not become too powerful.

Sultans appointed chief judges to represent each major city. The smaller towns were in the control of a military officer or a wealthy family. If the sultan was about to die, the son who was going to succeed him would be kept hidden away until the sultan finally died. This was because the other sons of the sultan would try to kill the heir, causing chaos in the kingdom. (Davis 14)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Goverment
The Ottomans' way of ruling was rather fair, but the government was biased towards people with a higher social status. Those in the lower social groups were often turned to slaves. Slavery was an important part in the empire. (Ruggeiro 49) The slaves were called "devsirme". Unlike most ancient civilizations, slaves had the opportunity to be promoted to a higher position in the government. (50) Most of the slaves ended their lives by becoming prosperous merchants or successful artisans. A handful even became powerful and influential advisers of the sultan. Slaves were sometimes taken to become Janissaries, a position of power as well as influence in the army, as the sultan's personal guard. Since the land owners and slaves owed the sultan their lives as well as money, they stayed loyal to him.

The Muslims were the leaders behind the government, they were the "quadi" or judges of districts. The sultan gave the Muslims land or ownership of a district based on how much military effort they put forward. (Davis 12) A regular citizen was expected to pay his or her taxes and be loyal to the sultan. (Ruggeiro 50) Those who obeyed the law were not bothered. The Ottomans were Muslim, but people that followed other religions also could become citizens. (51) Those who wanted to practice a religion besides Muslim were required to pay more taxes. (52) The empire took care of the welfare of the citizens and ensured a safetey policy. (51)

===<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Laws === All laws were created by the sultan. All laws that were created had to be in sync with religious laws, meaning that any contradictions of the Islamic law terminated the validity of the new law. The religious leaders of the Empire, Ulema, checked the laws before they were enforced. laws were known as Kununlar. (Spencer, 80-90)

The laws of the Ottoman empire only applied to those who practices Islam. (Ruggeiro 52) If you were a Muslim and the military lacked soldiers or they required more, it was your duty and a law that you had to join the military. Also a Muslim would have to pay three different types of taxes. (53) The first tax was on food. Every time you bought something, you had to pay a special tax. Another tax was on imports, which was mainly for the rich. Imports cam from other civilizations. The last type of taxes were personal taxes, such as if you had a disagreement with the district leader and you had to pay a tax to make up for it. There also existed a personal tax, Which applied for non-Muslim citizens. Paying the tax allowed you to live in the empire and worship any religion freely, as well as build places of worship. (54) Other laws included; for minor offenses you paid a fine instead of a punishment, abusing animals was an offense, and arbitrary land confiscation was not allowed. (Spencer, 80-90)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Women's rights
The Ottoman Empire's way or ruling was extremely biased to boys. Upper class woman had no contact with life outside of their house. (Ruggeiro 54) The males in the household would handle all of the taxes. The women were sometimes permitted to run a store for the husband, or to work in the family farm. The slaves did all of the shopping, which made it so that the women had no opportunities to leave the house. Working class women were different, for they had the opportunity to contact the outside world. They did all of the shopping for the family, so they had to go the market places frequently. By the early 1800's the Ottomans were under the pressure of more than half the world, so they gave women more rights. (55) At that time women were allowed to be seen in public without hiding behind a veil, and they were allowed to attend school. This resulted in more women rising from the bottom of the social classes to the top.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Millets
The Ottoman Empire conquered many lands. All of these lands were different, meaning that the Empire would consist of many different people from many different places, who all practiced a different religion. Converting everyone to the same culture would be inconvenient, so the government created a special social group known as a Millet. Millets were groups of people who all practiced the same religion. The three largest groups were Jews, Greek Orthodox Christians, and Armenians. (Spencer 91)

People in Millets did not just live life the easy way. People in Millets were forced to have 2nd class status, and many strict rules regarding the way they act, they way they build houses, a well as the way they dressed. People in Millets were forced to act a certain way in public. Their houses could not be taller than a Muslim house owner, and they could not ring any bells on Sunday so the Islamic followers could "sleep in." They also didn't have the rights to bear arms, meaning that they weren't allowed to have weapons. (Spencer 92-93)

Being in Millets did have its advantages though. Not only did they have the freedom to worship any religion they chose, but also the army and the sultan protected them. They were never interfered while practicing the religion. (Spencer 94)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Harem
The Topkapi Palace wasn’t the residence for only the Sultan. The Topkapi Palace also contained the Harem, or a special group of women who acted like their own government. The Harem was extremely private, and it contained a hereditary system. The Valide Sultan or the current Sultan’s mom led the Harem. (Ruggeiro) The Imperial Harem, also known as the Seraglio Harem, or just the Harem, consisted of the Valide Sultan, the Sultan’s wives, the Sultan’s daughters, and the concubines. The concubines, also known as women who entertained the Sultan, were included in the Harem for reproductional purposes only. The concubines were slaves. The concubines had almost no identity or role in the Harem, but then certain concubines were granted titles such as "Sultan Kadin" in accordance with how much the Sultans liked them. Sultan was included in the name to show power. (All About Turkey) The strongest and most powerful women in the harem were the Valide Sultan and the Kadins. The Valide Sultan’s main job was to educate the sons of the Sultans in politics. Sometimes the Valide Sultan was asked to talk with the Sultan when the Mufti (Muslim religious leader) or the Grand Vizier believed that the Sultan made a bad decision. Kadins were the Sultan’s favorite women. They were granted privileges equal to that of one of the Sultan’s wives, including apartments and slaves. (All About Turkey) At the Bottom of the harem was the Odalisques, or the servants. They were just servants, although sometimes they were granted concubinage. Odalisques were talented women, and beautiful in the Sultan’s sense. They were presented to the Sultan once during the night, and they would come back if they had a baby boy. In that case they were promoted to one of the Sultan’s favorites. (All About Turkey)

<span style="color: #070973; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Culture
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Ottomans had a diverse culture that inspires many modern Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey and Iran. They amazing culture affected their religion, architecture, education, arts, and impact on daily life.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Religion
The Ottoman's main religion was Muslim and they practiced Islam. (Ruggiero 40) Since the Ottomans were Muslims, their religion impacted the way they dressed and the way they built buildings. Their religion, Islam, was a religion that teaches the belief in one god. They believe that an angel Gabriel was sent by God to Muhammad in order to convert all the people to Muslim. By the end of Mohammed’s life most people in the Ottoman Empire had converted to Islam. When he died he proclaimed Mecca to be the religious capital of the world of Islam. Through him the five pillars of Islam were created. The five pillars are to believe in one God, pray five times a day, give alms to the poor, fast according to tradition, and visit the city Mecca one time in your life. (40-42) When they went to a Mosque, otherwise known as a Muslim temple, they had to wash they face, feet, arms, and hands. (45) Water was a strong symbol in their religion, as it was a sign of purity. The Mirhrab is the leader of the Islam faith and he gives the sermon during the time of praying. (46) ===<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Architecture ===

In many ways the Ottoman's religion influenced their architecture. They were the first to invent domed buildings. They used it to better build Mosques. (Ruggiero 44) The most beautiful Mosques are located in the cities of Mecca and Istanbul. The design of a Mosque was a square building with a domed roof that opens up to courtyards. The Mosques in the beginning of the empire were plain and had little interest. (47) Later when the empire became more prosperous, the Mosques doubled in size and became prized possessions of the empire. Artisans who came from all over the known world built the Mosques. They used ceramic tiling to build roofs and walls and they used stained glass windows to decorate the interior. They also knit carpets to cover the spots that they used for praying. One of the greatest Ottoman artists was Mimar Sinan. (Davis 35) He built houses, baths, villas, granaries, fountains, hospitals, chapels, mosques, and schools. Most of the buildings that he built were in Istanbul or Constantinople. He was one of the first to add stained glass windows and mirrors to his buildings. (36) The Ottomans adapted a lot of the Chinese tile works. (38)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Education
The Ottoman's educational system was extremely biased to boys. (Ruggiero 57) If the boys were poor they were taught to farm, but if they were rich or in middle class, they were taught the beliefs of Islam. Also if they child was rich they got to learn about various different subjects such as philosophy, poetry, and multiple sciences. The girls on the other hand received little to no education. They were taught to run a common household and to take care of children. (59) When the girls became 12 or 13, the father set up an arranged marriage. Sometimes if a boy was born in Istanbul they were able to get tutored in Korean or Arabic. (58) Boys that got brought up in Istanbul were most likely trained to become an Islam leader or a sermon instructer. They also had a chance to become merchants, or artisans. === <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Art ===

The Ottomans always held a strong belief for arts and crafts. (Ruggiero 60) The Ottomans did a lot of basket weaving, woodcarving, metalworking, and ceramic pot sculpting. (61) In every creation an artist would make the artist would have to put a little of him or herself. Most Ottoman creations still exist to this day. Even though carpet weaving is an art, it is also very grave and serious for worship. The men would go in the fields and cut the wool from the sheep, where then the women would weave it into a carpet an then dye it with special tree bark or plants. Artists also did a lot of portrait and landscape drawings. The sultans enjoyed to getting pictures of them drawn. (66) The first sultan to get his picture drawn was Mehmet II. The most famous of pictures that were drawn were battle scenes (67)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Impact on Daily Life
The Muslim religion impacted the daily life of Ottoman people by requiring them to pray five times a day. (Davis 11) After the morning prayers the men would then go into the fields to work or go to the cities to work as a merchant or official. (18) At noon they prayed again and then returned to work. They continued in a similar pattern like this until they had prayed five times. The father had absolute control over the family and was responsible for insuring that the family practiced their religion. The father was the family's source of income, so the family owed him all that they had. This made the family stay loyal to the father. He also chose mates for his unmarried children. The mother of a household was restricted to leaving the house, for her duty was to manage it. (19) The mother was in control of the women and children. (20)

<span style="color: #fa38d8; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Conclusion
Weither the empire was being revenged by power-hungry successors, or slowly conquering the Mediterranean world, the Ottoman Empire has proof for its significance and power. Not only did they have the power and endurance needed to survive for hundreds of years, but they also had architects, generals, and a complex yet simplistic lifestyle. There were farmers, mapmakers, and artists. Each had a different life, but all of their lives were based around their culture and religion.

The empire stood like a tree. Farmers and peasants acted like the roots of the tree, slowly taking in energy to feed the leaves. The leaves were the merchants and common town people. They had their own task, which was trading and contacting life outside of the empire. But every single leaf rested on branches or trunks, which in this case is the government. The government was strong during the 17th century, with sultans supervising everything from religion, to wars, and art. Every tree eventually withers though, so the Ottoman Empire was like any other tree.

But this tree had a part that was bigger than its political system, or its military. The Ottoman Empire stood as a special point in history that provided part of the definition of living a modern life, including the Islamic religion, Turkish architecture, and sports such as greased wrestling. The Ottoman Empire will also inspire new countries, for this empire started as wandering, nomadic tribes, and rose slowly but steadily to the top.

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